By default, print() statements are not output to the console when you run a pytest. To see output (e.g. for debugging a test), run your tests with the -s option.
From here.
Managing and installing pip3 modules with venv and requirements.txt on MacOS
External python dependencies can be installed with pip, and managed as a list of dependencies for your project with a requirements.txt file. To install dependencies for a project, use:
> python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
On MacOS, it’s no longer possible to install global modules, unless you force the install with the ‘–break-system-packages’ option, if you pip like above, you’ll see the error:
error: externally-managed-environment
× This environment is externally managed
Instead, create a virtual environment for your project where dependencies local to your project are installed:
> python3 -m venv .venv
> source .venv/bin/activate
Now you can run pip install and all dependent modules will be installed beneath .venv in your project folder.
Previous posts about AI Models and Code Generation
If you browse online software development communities, questions from new developers about AI replacing the need for developers are asked almost daily.
Here’s a couple of my past posts on this topic from 2023 and 2022 which I feel still hold true:
Website down for 24 hours: SSL certificate update failed – checking the contents of your certificate bundle
My SSL certificate for this site was about to expire this week, so I paid for an update for another year and then proceeded to upload my new certificate bundle to my server. Having been through this process a few times, I have a couple of posts describing the steps for configuring nginx with SSL certs here:
… and how to create a certificate bundle here:
I normally concatenate the root, intermediate and my site certificate manually before uploading using the steps in the post above. This time though I noticed the updated certifcate had a bundle download, so I downloaded this and uploaded straight to my site and then restarted…
Unfortunately, since I run nginx in a Docker container, on restarting the container it failed and then went into a restart loop. While constantly failing and restarting like this, it’s not possible (that I know of) to ‘docker exec -it bash’ into the container since it hasn’t completely started. In hindsight maybe ‘docker log’ would have told be what I needed to know, but I wanted to look at the /var/log/nginx/error.log inside the container to see what the issue was. I found a neat trick to do this which I’ll cover in another post.
In the meantime, I found the error in the nginx error.log was this:
2024/06/12 16:31:02 [emerg] 56#56: SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file("/etc/nginx/ssl-certs/my-site.key") failed (SSL: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines:X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch)
This seemed odd since I generated my CSR for the new certificate on the server and had the key for the request and new certificate. This post for this error luckily had suggestions to look at the contents of the bundle, using:
openssl x509 -noout -text -in yourcert.cert
And exactly as one of the answers suggested, the ‘Subject:’ field in the certificate was not for my domain, it was for the CA instead. The bundle that I downloaded after purchasing my new certificate contained the CA and the Intermediate certs but not the cert for my domain… I should have followed my own instructions for combining all three and including my own site certificate.
I created my new bundle by hand, uploaded to my server and now everything is back to normal with the new SSL certificate.
In hindsight I should have tested my updates on my test server before upload direct to my live server, but since moving house recently I no longer have the HP rackserver I had before, on which I used to run a test server that mirrored the config of my live site. Lesson learned, I need to set up a new test server…